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The authors have declared no competing interest. This finding sheds light on the interactive effect of climate and soil origin, as well as the possible success of plant introductions under a changing climate. However, when introduced to a habitat with a similar climate to their native habitat, plants may perform as well as in their native range, but when introduced both to a new soil and climate, plants will do poorly.

At least on the short term, climate change alone is not suggested to affect native grassland plant performance. Synthesis: In contrast to predictions from the literature, no benefit from growing in foreign soils are indicated. Word will place a superscript in the body of your paper and create a footnote in the footer, where you can enter the citation information. Select the 'Insert footnote' icon at the top of the page. Similarly, performance improved in home climate only when plants were also placed in foreign soil. Go to the 'References' tab in the MS Word toolbar. However, an interaction between soil and climate effect caused this better performance in home soil to occur only when in foreign climate. We found that despite a high variability in plant performance between sites, plants generally performed better in their home soil and home climate, than in foreign soil or in foreign climate. Using soil and seeds sampled from six alpine grassland sites spreading in a gradient from Northern Africa to Northern Europe, we compared plant performance in home soil and in five foreign soils, as well as home and foreign climates (simulated temperature and photoperiod in growth chambers). Here, we assess performance of alpine grassland species in their native and in foreign soils in an experiment including different climates. Yet, PSF strength may be altered by climatic parameters, creating synergies. Plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) play a substantial role in determining plant performance in native and foreign habitats.